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THE ART AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SILVERSMITHING.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY J. H. BUCK.

In the first busy centuries of the Anglo Saxon race in America, when the rude forces of the continent had to be conquered, and the whole of men’s energies were devoted to the development of the natural resources of the land and to the procuring of the daily necessaries of life, the young country had no time for the formation of a national style in art or letters. The good old methods of the mother country sufficed for them and the people were content to run in the lines that their parents and grandparents had followed. But with advancing civilization, with the greater wealth and the consequent leisure that it brought, came the time for them to assert their independence otherwise than politically. The day of imitation had ceased and American taste began to be no longer the mere echo of European culture.

There is an old saying, tracing the decay of English art during the first half of the present century, that if all that was supposed to represent English art in the great exhibition of 1851 was piled in a heap and made into a bonfire the world would not be the poorer. This saying would certainly not apply to the art at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, at Philadelphia, previous to which great advance had been made both in design and workmanship. This great exhibition gave a fresh impetus to the silversmith’s art. American manufacturers were then able to compare the best products of all nations with their own. After the exhibitions at Paris in 1878 and 1889, and Chicago last year, the superiority of American design and manufacture was universally conceded.

Instead of our silversmiths being hampered by Hall marks or a slavish adherence to tradition or waiting as in the older countries, to be educated by public wants, they are ever striving to produce articles in advance of the prevailing taste and thus educate the public to appreciate their beautiful productions.

A recent English writer observes: “As in their architecture, so in their subsidiary arts, the Americans seem unconsciously to assimilate, in a degree unknown to nations fettered by the bonds of tradition, all that is good in the art work of other people and at the same time to impart to the conglomeration thus obtained a distinct flavor of their own individuality.”

In no other branch of American art, and in no other American craft, is this quality more patent than in silver work.

By the aid of trained designers, by the eager adoption of inventions and improved systems of manufacture, the advance during the last: quarter of a century has enabled the majority of our people to enjoy articles which previously were a luxury only afforded by the few. This applies principally to domestic work, but large pieces such as prize cups, trophies, presentation and centerpieces are now produced equal to, if not superior to any modern work.

Great advance has been made during the last decade in ecclesiastical silverware. Here the true guide has been followed, namely, the spirit of the devout silver workers of medieval days. Church work to-day in America can compare favorably with that of the older continent.

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SPECIAL WORKS IN SILVER.

The artistic instincts and manipulative ingenuity of the silversmith find their most striking expression in the production of special prize cups, trophies, punch bowls and kindred pieces. In such works the value of the raw material, silver, lies not so much in its pecuniary cost, as in its adaptability to the various processes entering into the design of the article considered as an ensemble. Casting and applique work, chasing and repousse, etching and engraving, yield the greatest measure of effect when employed in the manipulation of massive silver, while with regards to modeling, this metal is second to none, bronze which is poorly adapted to the several processes so essential in the production of works of a commemorative and honorary character, as cups, vases, bowls and the like, being employed only on account of its durability and inexpensiveness.

It is in this branch of artistic endeavor that the American silversmith of to-day especially excels all foreign competitors. His work per se possesses not the multiplicity of detail of the German, nor the ethereality of the Frenchman, nor the cold stolidity of the Englishman, but is rather a combination of the apparent beauties of all; the attention to detail of the one, and the grace and massiveness of the others. Except where specific orders are given, the American designer breaks away from the tiring conventionalities, utilizing the delicate outlines of the Greek or the more rigid though eloquent lines of the Egyptian, under newly devised combinations as a setting to his own conceptions of decorative elements.

This journal has exercised unusual endeavor in depicting and describing these special works, as it has considered each piece to be a lesson in the art of silversmithing. The professor, in the belief that art can have no advance, discuses on past models, inviting imitation rather than originality. Let him, if his dissertations bear in any respect upon silversmithtng, hold up works such as the silverware companies of America produce, works which are the embodiment of all present knowledge of the art. Let him remember that even Cellini and Flaxman as silversmiths, find more versatile expression in the able American designers of the present time. The famous cups and hanaps of the past, preserved in museums and private collections, would be decried to-day, if produced as lasting works, as ungainly and trivial. The most ordinary designer of New York or Providence would not be proud of his conception, nor the manipulator of his handiwork, if the piece possessed no more art than such treasures.

Necessity is the mother of artistic achievement, as she is of invention. The designer of fine special works in silver has been evolved by the positive demand for such works. The truth of this statement was abundantly proved by the display of about 200 special trophies in the beautiful white metal, that the Whiting Mfg. Co. made in their windows during the Summer last past. The display could serve as a museum of modern silverware of the highest character. Here it was evidenced that the brain of the American designer knows no limit to its fertility. The realms of mythology, folk lore and history find ample expression; while the sciences of botany, zoology and ichthyology yield up their stores of knowledge, and “all ocean’s waters” appear as in nature or in allegory.

We should not have the temerity to place silversmithing among the fine arts as painting, music, sculpture and poetry, but among the lesser arts its position is unassailable and assured.

B. F. S.

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In giving the stories of the many firms that maintain the high reputation of American silverware, it may prove most proper to treat them in chronological order. It is a matter of too fine a discrimination to arrange such a series in the order of the importance of the firms.

DOMINICK & HAFF.

The firm of Dominick & Haff, according to the chronology customarily employed in historical sketches of commercial houses, can veritably trace the foundation of their business to the latter half of the eighteenth century, though it has been the last quarter century that has seen their greatest development. The present concern established themselves in business under their own name, in 1870, succeeding William Gale & Son, who manufactured silverware in all its branches, and who were at that time looked upon as the oldest established firm of silversmiths in the country. William Gale had been an apprentice of Peter and John Targee, who had succeeded to the business of John Vernon, silversmith, of Jacob St., New York, during the latter half of the eighteenth century. Though not positively known, many facts go to prove that William Gale bought out the plant of the Targee brothers. He established himself in 1821.

In the early years of their establishment Dominick & Haff devoted themselves exclusively to the manufacture of silver small wares, and acquired a wide reputation for their vinaigrettes, chatelaines and other fancy articles. Following this period they developed a large business in hollow ware. In 1877 the firm’s office and factory were entirely burned out, in the destructive fire that devastated the Waltham building in Bond St. They immediately moved into 7 and 9 Bond St., where they had increased facilities for business, and began to manufacture all varieties of articles in silver.

The firm remained in this location but a short time, when, removing to 1, 3 and 5 Bond St., into the reconstructed Waltham building, they purchased that part of the plant of the Adams & Shaw Co., as tools, fixtures and patterns that related to the manufacture of silverware and which the latter concern had previously purchased from John R. Wendt & Co. This purchase -enabled the firm to give constant employment to about one hundred men. They manufactured a general line of silverware.

In the Summer of 1884 the firm removed to the building at the corner of Broadway, 17th St. and Union Square. At first they occupied the entire sixth floor and a part of the basement. Soon the factory again assumed proportions too small for the business, and in the Spring of 1891, the fifth ’floor of the same building was added. At the present time this extensive plant, occupying two floors of a large building running from 17th to 1 8th Sts., and a goodly part of the basement is a beehive of industry, every available foot of space being utilized. The present force numbers over 200 individuals.

In the Spring of 1888 the firm was organized as a joint stock company. In the organization several of the clerks were given an interest in the enterprise. The officers elected were: president, H. B. Dominick; vice-president and treasurer, L. B. Haff; and secretary, A. Dominick. A few weeks ago occurred the death of L. B. Haff. The house of Dominick & Haff have been uniformly and phenomenally successful. Starting as one of the smallest silversmithing concerns, they are recognized to-day as one of the largest.

GORHAM MFG. CO.

The marvelous development of the Gorham Mfg. Co. is a potent illustration of the great results which the economic conditions existing among the industries of New England, combined with the exercise of mechanical skill and the employment of high artistic ideals in the productions may achieve. Jabez Gorham is generally designated as the father of the business, though to his successors are the great growth of the enterprise and its wide spreading ramifications justly due. Jabez Gorham was born in Providence, R. I., on Feb. 18, 1792, and as a boy was apprenticed to Nehemiah Dodge who began the manufacture of jewelry in 1795. After attaining his majority he with Christopher Burr, William Hadwen, Geo. C. Clark and Henry G. Mumford, formed a partnership which lasted five years when it was dissolved, Mr. Gorham continuing alone. He pursued the manufacture of jewelry until 1831. In that year Mr. Gorham began manufacturing silver spoons, in partnership with Henry L. Webster, of Boston, who was a practical spoon maker. The firm name was Gorham & Webster. They occupied a corner of the lower story of a little building, but the shop was soon increased to include that story. The process of manufacture was extremely crude, two men by hard work being able to make in a day two dozen teaspoons, no two, however, alike in shape or weight. For nine years nothing was made but spoons, thimbles and silver combs and an occasional napkin ring or fork. At 50 years of age Mr. Gorham retired from the business, being succeeded by his son, John. He died suddenly on March 24, 1869, at the age of 77 years.

In 1841 the concern became J. Gorham & Son, composed of Jabez Gorham and his son, John. Mr. Webster at this time returned to Boston, the reorganized firm buying his interest. On the death of his father and on his becoming sole proprietor of the business John Gorham retained the old firm name. In 1850 he determined to take possession of a field of silver manufacture not yet occupied. His business had not been, like that of the silversmiths of New York and Boston, to make spoons and other articles for a retail trade of their own, but to manufacture for the trade. It was his ambition to enter on a large scale into the manufacture of silver goods of every class, whether for ornament and artistic display or combining with these utility for various purposes. To carry out this plan he formed a partnership with Gorham Thurber, under the firm name of Gorham & Thurber. The purpose of the new firm was principally to make hollow ware. The growth of the business soon made it necessary to have a third party interested in it, and Lewis Dexter, Jr. was admitted in 1852, the firm name becoming Gorham & Co.

George Wilkinson, who had learned his trade as a die cutter in Birmingham, England, was engaged in 1854. He had also given some attention to designing and modeling. He soon developed into an accomplished designer and modeler, evincing rare taste, judgment and fertility, and has had until the present day the superintendence of the designing room. In 1861 about 200 hands were employed. In 1862 Mr. Dexter withdrew from the firm, the name of which remained unchanged. In May, 1863, the Gorham Manufacturing Co. was incorporated, and on Jan. 2, 1865, the charter was accepted. The incorporators were John Gorham, president, and Gorham Thurber, treasurer; J. F. P. Lawton was secretary. The capital stock was fixed at $300,000, which was increased by act of Legislature in May, 1872, to $600,000, with a limit of $1,200,000, which it subsequently rose to. The business during the next ten years after the incorporation steadily increased, the number of hands employed being 450. The shops and rooms for the various purposes of the business had been multiplied until the buildings occupied covered the whole area bounded by North Main, Steeple, Canal and Friend Sts., except a small building, 60x40 feet, on the corner of North Main and Friend Sts. At the time of the incorporation the superintendent of the works was Henry E. Lathrop, who died in January, 1871, and was succeeded by George Wilkinson.

In 1860, the Gorham Mfg. Co., in conjunction with G. & S. Owen, erected the building, 3, 5 and 7 Maiden Lane, New York. The company had an office at 4 Maiden Lane. In 1876 the concern had two stores in New York, at 37 Union Square, and in Bond St. In March, 1877, the Bond St. store was destroyed by fire, and the two stores were consolidated at 37 Union Square. The Chicago store was opened in 1882, under the management of E. W. Prentiss. In May, 1884, the New York branch was removed to the magnificent building at 19th St. and Broadway. In 1885 the company leased the store at 9 Maiden Lane, which they continued till May, 1892 when the downtown branch was removed to the Hays building, 21-23 Maiden Lane. Till 1873 the New York retail trade was supplied with Gorham goods through Tiffany & Co.

In January, 1878, Mr. Gorham retired from the office of president of the company, and was succeeded by Wm. Crins, who retains this office at the present day. In 1876 Edward Holbrook became agent, and in 1889 he became treasurer and general manager. It is but justice to say that to this gentleman the proud position which the Gorham Mfg. Co. occupy today, is in a great measure due. While the development of the concern up to the last decade partakes almost of the marvelous, the progress during the past 10 years could not have been conceived years ago. Yet this development wonderful as it has been, has not yet reached its limit, for the progress of the Gorham Co. will be limited only by their ingenuity.

In 1887 the land at Elmwood, Providence, on which the present factory stands was bought; in 1890, the factory was completed. Thirteen acres of land represent the site on which the factory is built, of which about six acres are now occupied by the several buildings. The total floor space is 240,703 square feet, equivalent to about five and a half acres. The average force at work is 1,400 people; the works can accommodate 1,800 persons. The officers of the company are: W. H. Crins, president; Geo. H. Robinson, vice-president; Edward Holbrook, treasurer; J. F. P. Lawton, secretary; George Wilkinson, superintendent; Bruce Bonny, New York agent. The capital stock of the company was recently increased $4,200,000, it all being immediately subscribed for. The honors showered on the company by the judges of awards of the World’s Columbian Exposition were but just recognition of the magnificent exhibit which was one of the marvels of the great fair.

WOOD & HUGHES.

The father of the old established house of Wood & Hughes, New York, was the same as he who gave birth to the house of Dominick & Haff. In 1833 William Gale formed a partnership with Jacob Wood and Joseph H. Hughes, under the name of Gale, Wood & Hughes. The two latter gentlemen had served their apprenticeship as silversmiths under Mr. Gale. The new firm started business at 116 Fulton St., and manufactured a general line of sterling silverware.

There were several changes in and out of this partnership until 1845, when the firm became Wood & Hughes, which name has been perpetuated until the present day. Jacob Wood and Jasper H. Hughes remained in partnership until 1851, the year of the death of the founder. Then Chas. Wood and Stephen T. Fraprie entered the business, the name of which remained the same. Chas. H. Hughes was admitted into the firm in 1855. He effected several improvements in the mechanical department of the business. Jasper H. Hughes retired in 1856 on account of ill health, the business being continued by the three remaining partners until 1865.

In 1861 the factory was removed to the corner of Cliff and Frankfort Sts., where greater facilities were secured. About the year 1865, Henry Wood and Dixon G. Hughes, the present members of the house, were admitted into the concern. Both had had experience in the office as well as in the factory. The young men subsequently became full partners, and after the death of Charles Wood in 1881, Charles H. Wood in 1883, and Stephen T. Fraprie in December, 1889, they succeeded to the business as equal partners.

The factory remained at Cliff and Frankfort Sts until 1887, when it was removed to Bank and Hudson Sts. This factory was entirely destroyed by fire in 1891, entailing an irremediable loss of records, models and patterns. The plant was re-established on W. 33d St. Throughout the long career of this house, one salient principle has actuated them, namely, to manufacture a superior line of sterling silverware.

F. M. WHITING & CO.

William D. Whiting, born at Attleboro in 1815, was the founder of F. M. Whiting & Co. He learned his trade as a jeweler with Draper & Tifft, to whom he was apprenticed at the age of 14 years. In 1840 Mr. Whiting associated himself with Albert C. Tifft under the style of Tifft & Whiting and with a cash capital of $500 the new firm entered the business arena. Within two years Tifft & Whiting had built for their occupancy a substantial two story shop and in 1847 began the erection of a portion of the present Whiting building by erecting a stone factory 90 x 40 feet. About six years later another addition of 40 feet was built and at this time Mr. Whiting bought out the interest of his partner, paying for it $90,000.

Mr. Whiting then established a New York office and began the manufacture of silver combs and hairpins, subsequently adding other silver work, until this branch became very large and resulted in the organization of the Whiting Mfg. Co., with William D. Whiting as president and with a capital of $150,000 soon afterward increased to $250,000.

In 1875 a factory was built in New York, where Mr. Whiting conducted the business for five years. He then severed his connection with the Whiting Mfg. Co., and returning to North Attleboro, entered upon the manufacture of silver jewelry and sterling silverware, with his son, F. M. Whiting who had already been in business in that line since 1877, the firm name becoming F. M. Whiting & Co.

SIMONS, BRO. & CO.

The house of Simons, Bro. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., was founded in 1840 by Geo. W. Simons. In that year Mr. Simons, who was born in the Quaker City in 1819, and who had learned the trade of making silver thimbles and pencils, set up in business on his own account on Chestnut St., below Fourth St. About 30 years ago he bought the old Jones Hotel property on Chestnut St., where he remodeled and improved the building in which his sons now continue the business. Mr. Simons died about three years ago.

At his death Mr. Simons left a successful and prosperous business to his sons, John F., Fred. M. and Edwin S. Simons. These gentlemen had been associated with their father in business during his later years, and having inherited the abilities of their progenitor, the ramifications of their establishment at 618 Chestnut St. have become more and more widespread. John F. Simons has the management of the manufacturing i department, which occupies the upper floors of the building. Fred. M. Simons has supervision of all the details of the business outside the factory, while the New York branch of the business, at 20 Maiden Lane, is under the management of Edwin S. Simons. The firm have also a Chicago branch at 90 State St.

The firm produce many exclusive patterns of tea sets and table ware, and do an immense business in comb tops, thimbles, cane and umbrella heads. The factory force numbers about 150 persons.

PETER L. KRIDER CO.

Undoubtedly the oldest silversmith in Philadelphia, in number of years of experience at least, is Peter L. Krider, the founder of the concern now known as the Peter L. Krider Co., 618 Chestnut St. This gentleman was born in Philadelphia, in 1821. At ten years of age he went to work on a farm, where he remained until his fourteenth year, when he was apprenticed to John Curry, silversmith, on Chestnut St., whom he served for a period of six years. At the end of this time, his health failing, Mr. Curry retired from business, transferring young Krider’s indentures to R. & W. Wilson, silversmiths of the same city. With this firm Mr. Krider worked as journeyman for fifteen months, and then engaged with Obadiah Rich, of Boston, with whom he had made a four years’ contract. Two years, before the conclusion of this contract Mr. Rich sold out his establishment to Bracket, Crosby & Brown, Mr. Krider taking charge of the business.

By this time Mr. Krider had become a highly skilled silversmith whose work was admired for its many excellent features. After serving as foreman a short time in the factory of his old employers, R. &W. Wilson, he rented a room at the corner of Dock and Walnut Sts., Philadelphia, and went into business for himself. From these small beginnings, Mr. Krider’s business gradually expanded until he was compelled to engage more commodious quarters, which he found in the building at 6th and Market Sts. In 1859 he took into partnership John W. Biddle, and moved to 8th and Jane Sts., where steam power was obtainable. In i860, the firm, then known as Krider & Biddle, moved to its present location, 618 Chestnut St.

At the breaking out of the rebellion, Mr. Krider went to serve in the army, while Mr. Biddle looked after the business. Five or six years after the close of the war the latter gentleman retired, Mr. Krider continuing the business. Mr. Krider about five years ago sold his business to August Weber, who had served him faithfully as clerk, retaining a small interest in the business. Mr. Weber has since taken a partner, W. E. Wood, into the business, which is now carried on as the P. L. Krider Co. This house has perhaps the largest medal plant in the country, and has produced many famous medals.

JOS. SEYMOUR, SON’S & CO

In the city of Syracuse. N. Y , stands an old fashioned building on the face of which, though almost obscured by time, can be read the sign “Joseph Seymour.” It is a silverware factory, and here for nearly 40 years the manufacture of flatware has been carried on by the late Joseph Seymour and his sons succeeding him. Joseph Seymour was born near Albany, N. Y., in 1815. He went to New York to apprentice himself to a leading silversmith of that city at the customary age. He became associated with Willard & Hawley in the establishment of a silverware factory in Syracuse, of which he subsequently became the sole proprietor. His sons, Joseph, Jr. and E. G., and George F. Comstock, Jr., were admitted to partnership in the course of time and for some years past the firm name has been Joseph Seymour, Sons & Co.

Mr. Seymour, it is said, was the first man in the country to make a society mark or emblem, having made a number for a lodge in Utica, N. Y., long before the war. This branch of business he followed for some time successfully in connection with the production of flatware. Through the purchase of the retail business of D. Valentine, his responsibilities were largely increased but he still continued to devote most of his time to the silverware factory until his death in 1887. The factory is now in charge of Chas. H. Seymour, who was for many years under his father’s tuition. The firm have always done a conservative business, and have found a ready sale for their product.

J. B. & S. M. KNOWLES CO.

One of the oldest concerns engaged in the manufacture of sterling silver flatware is the J. B. & S. M. Knowles Co., Providence, R. I. In 1852 Joseph B. Knowles, son of ExMayor Edward P. Knowles, of Providence, formed a partnership with Henry L. Webster, of Boston, an experienced manufacturer, who had been associated with Jabez Gorham some years before, under the firm name of Webster & Knowles, for the manufacture of sterling silverware. Young Knowles had already mastered the jewelry trade. The firm applied themselves almost entirely to the production of tableware in all its branches, of which they make a specialty to this day.

The first shop was located on Meeting St., with another young firm, Farrington & Salisbury, as near neighbors. Webster & Knowles soon bought out and engaged the members of Farrington & Salisbury as workmen. The business grew steadily and the need of larger quarters compelled them to move to 137 S. Main St. in 1853, and again to larger quarters in 1856 on Middle St., in the Mathewson Allen building. New lines were added, improved facilities acquired, and in 1859 Samuel J. Ladd was admitted to the firm.

In 1864 Mr. Webster withdrew from the firm and his death occurred in 1865. The firm name was changed to Knowles & Ladd, and in i 858 they moved to their present quarters, the second floor of 95 Pine St. As early as 1864, desiring closer touch with metropolitan and outside trade, a New York office was established at 20 Maiden Lane, in charge of Stephen M. Knowles, a younger brother of Joseph B. Knowles. Ten years later this was removed to 8 Liberty Place, the firm soon returning, however, to the ground floor of No. 20. For the past four years their New York office has been located at 860 Broadway, Silversmiths’ Hall.

In 1875 Mr. Ladd retired and Stephen M. Knowles was admitted, the firm name becoming J. B. & S. M. Knowles. Joseph B. Knowles, who had charge of the factory from the start, was a thorough mechanic and a man of indomitable perseverance and industry. Close application to business undermined his constitution, and on Jan. 4, 1891, he died, universally esteemed by his employees and his fellow citizens. The business was shortly afterward incorporated under the name of the J. B. & S. M. Knowles Co., with Stephen M. Knowles president, and William C. Burwell, a son-in-law of the late Joseph B. Knowles, as treasurer.

Besides various patterns in staple flat ware, they have devoted much attention to the production of fancy flat ware and hold a deservedly high place in this line. In etched work they justly c aim superiority, and during the souvenir spoon craze they were unable to meet the demands upon them for this class of work.

The company are now anticipating moving into a new building in process of construction on Sabin St., where they will occupy two floors and be better able, with increased facilities, to meet the larger demand for their goods.

R. WALLACE & SONS MFG. CO.

One of the most noted factories in Connecticut which is devoted to the manufacture of silverware, and one which has in no small degree contributed to the development of the industry, is the R. Wallace & Sons Mfg. Co., Wallingford. This immense enterprise embraces a number of large factories, and employs over 500 people. It was established by Robert Wallace in 1855, under the title of R. Wallace & Co., Samuel Simpson being one of the firm.

Robert Wallace when a young man, in the year 1835, secured from a foreigner the receipt for making German or nickel silver. He produced some of the metal and he had it manufactured into spoons at a mill in Waterbury. After its practicability had been thoroughly tested, he manufactured the metal on a small scale, and in 1855 established the factory out of which the present concern has grown. He is believed to have been the first person to manufacture German silver. In September, 1865, the firm changed its name to Wallace, Simpson & Co., and on June 17, 1871, it was incorporated under the title of the R. Wallace & Sons Mfg. Co. Beginning with table wares, one branch after another has been added until the company now make all kinds of solid silver, nickel silver and silver plated goods. The capital stock invested in the company is about $700,000, and the officers of the corporation since the death of Robert Wallace, which occurred Jan. 1, 1892, are: President, F. A. Wallace; secretary, Henry L. Wallace; treasurer, W. J. Leavenworth.

Robert Wallace was one of the old school of men. Up to the time of his last sickness he had his bench in the factory, where he was always to be found apron on and hard at work, and ever ready to give information to any who desired it. Like Mackay, the bonanza millionaire, he thought there was “too d*** much quarterdeck” in the business offices, and it was rare that he was seen there; he was always at his little work bench with the men in the factory.

The main factory building is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of solid silver table ware. The manufacturing plant contains all the latest improvements in the way of machinery and appliances. All kinds of spoons imaginable are manufactured, from the plain table spoon to the most elaborate souvenir spoon.

The company maintain stores at 3 Park Place, New York, and at 86 Wabash Ave., Chicago. The New York branch is conducted by John W. Sisson, and the Chicago store is in the hands of Geo. M. Wallace.

WM. B. DURGIN.

Wm. B. Durgin, Concord, N. H.. is the oldest manufacturing silversmith now engaged in business. He was born in Campton Village, N. H., under the shadow of the White Mountains, in 1833. As a boy his mind turned toward mechanics, and at 16 years of age he took a position in the silverware manufactory of Newell Harding &Co. Boston. He was an apt apprentice, and as he progressed in his trade his employers recognized him as one of their most promising workmen. Possessed of a remarkably accurate eye, and of all the keen instincts of a born mechanic, he was never satisfied with anything but perfect results. Careless work in others has always been absolutely painful to him, and for years after gaining a position of independence as an established manufacturer, he found his greatest enjoyment at the bench, instructing and drilling his men and inspecting their work to the minutest detail.

After the apprentice had faithfully served his time and become a journeyman, his ambition to take a place in the world would not allow him to stay at the bench working for wages. He had saved $200, and with this poor pittance and a little more advanced by his father, he rented one small room in Concord at $75 a year, and with a few necessary tools the young mechanic began making plain spoons. The satisfaction his work gave was evinced by its steadily increasing popularity, and larger quarters became necessary. Mr. Durgin then built a small ten foot wooden shop on the site of his present commodious establishment. As business outgrew his quarters he dared dream of owning an equipped factory. He bought the land he had leased and more lying contiguous, negotiated a loan at one of the banks, and built a four-story brick building, and fitted a part of the first floor and basement for manufacturing.

“Durgin’s spoons” had become favorably known throughout New England. Figured patterns were demanded, and Mr. Durgin followed a live policy and brought them out. Enlargement followed as a natural sequence, and one by one the different tenants of the brick building were asked to give place to men and machinery. In 1880 Mr. Durgin’s only son, George F. Durgin, became an active factor in the business, and the senior, who had begun to feel the great strain of unremittent labor, settled back a little to enjoy a well earned rest. The young man had already acquired much practical knowledge of the business. Soon the making of hollow ware was begun. To-day the factory turns out a large line of hollow ware and novelties.

Two years ago it was found necessary to add another story to their factory, and a year ago the establishment was further increased by acquiring land in the rear and the building of a considerable addition. The house of W B. Durgin is one of the most progressive in the trade. A familiar instance of the enterprise of the Durgins and their alertness in following the public taste was furnished by the souvenir spoon fad. They were the first to see the extent of the demand that was destined to spring up for these pretty little trifles.

FESSENDEN & CO.

In 1859 William B. Fessenden, who was engaged in the jobbing jewelry business in Boston, Mass., decided to establish a silverware factory in Providence, as an auxiliary. He accordingly took into partnership his son, Thomas F., and started as Wm. B. Fessenden & Co., in the manufacture of fancy flat and staple hollow wares. In 1860 Mr. Fessenden abandoned his Boston jobbing business and, selling out his Providence interests to his son, retired. In 1864 he died. T. F. Fessenden, feeling the need of a partner, admitted Giles Manchester, who remained in charge of the manufacturing department until his death in 1S89.

In 1876 S. H. Manchester, a brother of Giles, took a small interest, which, on the death of the latter became a partnership interest, and he assumed the management of the shop. Since i860 the business has been carried on under the name Fessenden & Co., 100 Friendship St. Their line consists of fancy spoons and staples, such as napkin Tings, cups, etc., sold exclusively to the jobbing trade. Wm. B. Fessenden was at one time a member of the jewelry and silverware firm of Whiting, Fessenden & Cowan, North Attleboro, the predecessors of the Whiting Mfg. Co.

J. F. FRADLEY & CO.

In 1868, J. F. Fradley who had completed his apprenticeship as chaser in the silverware factory of Wood & Hughes, opened a small workshop in the Gilsey Building, corner of Broadway and Cortlandt St., New York, and began doing chasing for the trade. He soon had a staff of between 25 and 30 chasers in his employ.

In 1870 Mr. Fradley decided that if his work was so attractive for others it would be more so on goods manufactured by himself and he accordingly opened a small factory at 68 Nassau St., for the production of gold headed canes which at that time were very popular.

The venture proved a success from the start, and in 1873 he moved his office and factory to 18 John St., and added all kinds of silver novelties to his productions. The next move a few years later was to 21 John St. Subsequently the office was moved to 23 John St., and the factory to the southwest corner of Pearl and Frankfort Sts., where it is now located. The whole top floor is occupied by the firm, together with the basement.

The silverware produced by the firm shows the result of artistic workmanship, and to secure the latest novelties, Mr. Fradley takes annual trips to Europe. The office of the firm was moved to Silversmiths’ Hall, Union Square, May, 1891. Some years ago Mr. Fradley admitted into partnership D. P. Mygatt, a young man who had been in his employ several years, and subsequently F. M. Matthews, John Blackwell and George Fradley were admitted.

GEO. W. SHIEBLER CO.

The adaptability of silver to the manufacture of wares that combine the essentials of beauty with the elements of utility is evidenced by the practically unlimited range of articles which are variously known as small wares, trinkets, novelties, etc., that are produced. The house that has been foremost in this line of activity is the George W. Shiebler Co., New York.

George W. Shiebler entered the employ of Jahne, Smith & Co., 170 Broadway, New York, in 1867, as traveling salesman. The firm then manufactured gold chains. Mr. Shiebler remained with them until the death of both Mr. Jahne and Mr. Smith, in the year 1870 or 1871, when the firm was succeeded by Hodenpyl, Tunison & Shiebler, who continued the business as theretofore. The firm, like numerous others, was affected by the stringent times that followed the panic of ’73. Mr. Shiebler about a year later purchased the business of Coles & Reynolds, manufacturers of silver spoons, with a factory at 6 Liberty Place.

Mr. Shiebler commenced business on March 4, 1876, with a force of five men. A few months later he bought out the business of John Polhemus, an old and recognized silversmith, whose plant was located at Centre and Howard Sts. He merged this plant with his own, and continued thus for a short time, when he purchased the factory of M. Morgan, who had succeeded Albert Coles, at 6 Liberty Place. This plant he also merged with the others, on the fifth floor of 6 Liberty Place. Mr. Shiebler’s facilities were now quite extensive, and his business was rapidly progressing.

A few years subsequently he moved his showrooms to 8 Liberty Place and his factory to a building at York and Washington Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. At this time Mr. Shiebler’s factory gave employment to 50 to 60 people. Anon, the space becoming too crowded, Mr. Shiebler purchased property at St. Mark's and Underhill Aves., Brooklyn, and erected a finely equipped factory building, of which the firm occupy at the present time three spacious floors, giving employment to 160 to 170 individuals. On Jan. 1, 1892, the firm incorporated as the George W. Shiebler Co., with a capital stock of $300,000. George W. Shiebler is president and Wm. F. Shiebler, treasurer of the company.

Mr. Shiebler at the beginning made only spoons and forks, but the product gradually increased until the firm produced the largest line of novelties in silver extant at the time. One of the reasons of the success of the house has been the introduction of novel ideas i never before attempted, one of the most successful innovations being the curio medallion work, which looked as though it had been unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Another such novel line was tinted leaf work, consisting of silver formed into leaves and tinted in all the rich colors of Autumn. In addition to their unique artistic lines of small wares, the company, which now have an extensive store at 179 Broadway, opened Aug. 1, 1892, manufacture a general line of silverware of the highest character.

HOWARD STERLING Co.

One of the youngest silversmithing firms in Providence though among the foremost in the high standard of its products, is the Howard Sterling Co. Within the brief period of less than eight years this concern has developed by indomitable energy, enterprise and business sagacity from comparatively small beginnings into magnificent proportions. The firm started in 1878 as H. Howard & Co., in a room used as a manufactory and office, in the Dyer Street Land Co.’s building, and employed 15 operatives. At the outset they devoted themselves to the manufacture of plated jewelry. The business rapidly increased and necessitated the enlargement of the manufactory and the number of employees was augmented to 175. In July, 1886, a department was established for the manufacture of wares in sterling silver. This department was conducted under the title of The Sterling Co.

During the Fall of 1888 the firm discovered that their combined industries had outgrown their limited accommodations, and on Jan. I, 1889, they removed to the Enterprise and Allen Green buildings on Eddy, Fountain and Worcester Sts. The third floors of both these buildings and the fourth floor of the Allen Green building were converted into a model factory. In January, 1S91, the concern was granted an act of incorporation as the Howard & Son Co., and continued under that title until December, 1891, when they disposed of the plated goods branch of the business to another firm, and at the same time the name of the corporation was altered to that of Howard Sterling Co. From that time the entire attention of the concern has been devoted to the development of the silver department. The concern has ever exercised the best judgment and discrimination in the employment of none but competent and devoted assistants. The officers of the company at present are: Hiram Howard, president; Stephen C. Howard, treasurer; W. Edward Fiske, secretary; Charles C. Wientge, superintendent. The New York salesrooms are at 860 Broadway, Silversmiths’ Hall.

THE TOWLE MFG. CO.

The Towle Mfg. Co., Newburyport, Mass., are an indirect outgrowth of efforts of individuals and co-operative industries established as early as the seventeenth century. In the vicinity of Newburyport, the art of the silversmith has been practiced for over 200 years, the culmination of these efforts being found in the factory of the Towle Mfg. Co.

The pioneer colonial silversmith was William Moulton, 2d, whose first silver shoe buckles appeared about 1690. The first goldsmith in New England whose successors in a direct line have continued to the present time was Joseph Moulton, son of William Moulton, 2d. From the rude “Blacksmith and Whitesmith Shop” of the Moultons in 1690 has been evolved one of the most complete silverware factories in the world.

Seeking for the origin of the Towle Mfg. Co., we find other names prominent among the early Newburyport silversmiths. Jacob Perkins, born in 1766, assumed the management of the business of his deceased master, Davis, at the age of 15 years. He afterward removed to London. Bradbury & Bro., manufacturing silversmiths, thrived about the year 1800.

The Towle Mfg. Co. incorporated in 1880 with a capital of $20,000. Their growth has been continuous and remarkable, until today they rank among the first houses in America engaged in the manufacture of silverware. Their capital has been doubled and doubled again until now the stock is $372,000. The wares manufactured are mainly sterling silver and embrace everything known as table flatware. The principal building of the company is a handsome brick structure, 184 feet in length by 40 feet in depth and has four stories. This building, with the wings and smaller buildings, gives a floor space of about 35,000 square feet.

The large business done through their Chicago branch is the result of the personal abilities of J. A. Todd, and of the quality of the productions. The officers of the corporation are: President, Eben Sumner; treasurer, Wm. H. Swasey; vice-president and manager, L. D. Cole.

FRANK W. SMITH.

The town of Gardner, Mass., embraces among its industries a thriving silverware manufactory, of which Frank W. Smith is the proprietor. Mr. Smith commenced business in Gardner about eight years ago, having had a previous experience of nearly 20 years in the silverware line. He constructed a substantial brick building 40x60 feet, three stones in height, put in the latest improved machinery, and secured the services of some of the best artisans in the country.

Mr. Smith’s factory turned out its full share of designs in souvenir spoons, adding to its reputation as a producer of artistic silverware. The aim of the manufacturer has been to produce original designs unsurpassed in finish. His success has been such that he has found it necessary to enlarge his factory, giving him a building 40 x 120 feet, three stories in height.

ALVIN MFG. CO.

The Alvin Mfg. Co. in their career have carved out a plan of business of their own, and have attained marked success in their several unique lines of silver work. The company incorporated on Aug. 17, 1887, for the manufacture of sterling silverware and novelties. Wm. A. Jamouneau is president and secretary of the company, and Henry L. Leibe is treasurer. Both are practical mechanics and thoroughly posted in all the technical processes involved in the manufacture of silverware. The business of the company, which took a factory in the large building at 24 Boudinot St., Newark, N. J., increased to such an extent that it became necessary for them to procure more capacious quarters in which to carry on the industry. Their recently erected works are situated near the village of Irvington, N. J. The main building is an immense brick structure two stories high with basement, 120 feet long by 40 feet wide.

Doubtless the most novel and at the same time artistic work turned out by this company is that known as electro-deposit goods. This class of work was invented and brought to a state of commercial success by this firm. An important branch of this special process is the coating of handles for umbrellas and canes. This company have been among the most extensive producers of souvenir spoons.

The company have offices at 860 Broadway, Silversmiths’ Hall, New York.

REED & BARTON.

The old established house of Reed & Barton, Taunton, Mass., have for years enjoyed a world-wide reputation as manufacturers of nickel and silver plated wares, and when some four years ago they announced their intention of adding a complete new line of sterling silver, something out of the ordinary was expected of them. Abundance of capital, the pride of fifty years of successful effort and a determination to lead and not to follow, prompted them to select a field comparatively untried in this country — that of enameling on silver.

Experts from abroad had to be engaged to train the large force of employees in the secrets and niceties of the art. Some branches of the work which they undertook were quite new as a manufactured product, the art having been pursued abroad by individual artists, whose field was necessarily very limited, and who preserved the secrets of their craft jealously guarded from the curious eye. To-day the American public can feast their eyes upon the handsomest line of hand painted enameled silver goods made anywhere in the world. Another and very beautiful class of work which Reed & Barton are now producing with much success, consists of a combination of enamel with gold of different colors. Although they have been only a few years engaged in the manufacture of sterling silver, they have produced beside this superb enamel work, a number of very fine sample patterns in flat ware.

Reed & Barton have for some years been a corporation, of which the present officers are: Henry G. Reed, president; Geo. Braybrooke, treasurer; and F. L. Fish, secretary. Mr. Reed has been connected with the business for over sixty years, having served his apprenticeship with the old firm of Babbitt & Crossman, the predecessors of Reed & Barton. The name of Reed & Barton was adopted in 1837 and has since been retained.

LUDWIG, REDLICH & CO.

Ludwig, Redlich & Co. organized in 1890 and a small office and factory were opened at 247 Centre St., New York, with a force of eight men. Adolph Ludwig had for nine years previous been an expert designer of silverware for Geo. W. Shiebler, now the Geo. W. Shiebler Co. A. Alec Redlich. his partner, had spent the greater portion of his life in the diamond business, and had an extended acquaintance in the retail trade. A few months after the firm started an office was opened at 45 Maiden Lane. The following May the office was removed to Silversmiths’ Hall, Union Square. A month later the factory was moved from Centre St. to 351 and 353 Jay St., Brooklyn, where 6,250 square feet of space are now occupied by the machinery of the concern, and in the busy season about 100 hands are employed.

The part played by Tiffany & Co. in the development of the silverware industry in America is dwelt upon in the history of this house which appears in another part of this number of The Circular. In the compass of such an article as this it is practically an impossibility to apportion out the proper need of recognition to all firms and individuals who have acted parts in the development of the industry. It is to be hoped that the persons whose names are omitted will look at the matter in this light. Besides the firms whose histories are set forth in the foregoing are Samuel Kirk & Son, Baltimore, Md.; Myrick, Roller & Holbrook, Davis & Galt and Hamilton & Diesinger, Philadelphia, Pa.; The Duhme Co. ,Cincinnati, O.; Wendell Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111.; and Wilcox & Evertson, New York, and many individual workers to whom some credit is due for their achievements in the art of silversmithing.

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